Background on Coral Species
In 2023, an unprecedented marine heatwave caused two coral species, known as “deer horn” and “elk horn,” to become “functionally extinct” in the Florida Reef, according to a study. These species are crucial for marine ecosystems as “reef builders” that have long dominated waters off Florida and the Caribbean.
Importance of Coral Species
- Both species form branching structures similar to a forest, providing essential habitats for fish and acting as natural barriers against strong waves and coastal erosion.
- Since the 1970s, both species have been declining due to threats like climate change and unsustainable fishing, placing them in critical danger of extinction.
Impact of the 2023 Heatwave
The 2023 heatwave along Florida’s coast proved fatal for both species in the Florida Reef, the world’s third-largest.
“The number of these species remaining in the reef today is so low that they can no longer fulfill their ecological function within the ecosystem,” Ross Cunning, a biologist at Chicago’s Shedd Aquarium and co-author of the study published in the journal Science, told AFP.
Coral Biology and Heatwave Effects
Corals are composed of tiny individual organisms called polyps, which maintain a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae living within their tissues.
- When these algae are affected by heat or pollution, they detach, causing the coral to “bleach” and become vulnerable to diseases and death.
- Sometimes, recovery is possible. However, the new research confirms that both species were nearly wiped out, with mortality rates between 98% and 100% in the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas.
Call for Coral Restoration
“Restoration is more critical than ever to prevent complete extinction,” Cunning added.
Key Questions and Answers
- What are the two coral species affected? The “deer horn” and “elk horn” corals, crucial for marine ecosystems in the Florida Reef.
- Why are these species important? They form branching structures that provide habitats for fish and protect coastlines from strong waves and erosion.
- What caused their decline? Threats like climate change and unsustainable fishing have contributed to their critical endangerment.
- What happened during the 2023 marine heatwave? The heatwave resulted in near-total mortality (98% – 100%) of both coral species in the Florida Reef.
- Why is restoration crucial now? To prevent complete extinction and preserve the ecological functions of these vital coral species.
